Antony and Octavio :: Antony Octavio Essays

Chronological analysis of the strengthening of Octavius compared with the errors made by Antony. DATE (BC) Factors affecting Antony Factors affecting Octavius 42BC Battle of Philippi. With Lepidus, Antony led an armed force into Macedonia to face the conspirators who killed Caesar. The "Republican" conspirators had 19 legions at their command (about 120000 men), against the triumvir's 28 legions (about 170000). The triumvirs won resoundingly, and the leaders (Brutus and Cassius) committed suicide. Triumvirs firmly in control of Roman Government. Lepidus, the weaker triumvir, was clearly friendly towards Antony. This is exemplified by his full support against the conspirators despite Octavius' absence, and his previous support for Antony during civil war against Octavius. Battle of Philippi. Octavius was sick during the campaign, and did not play a significant role in its events. However, through his triumviral allies he had avenged the death of his uncle. 42/1BC Division of the Empire. Antony received most of Gaul, but Cisalpine Gaul was redefined as part of Italia. Influence over government in Rome, possibly reduced, as Antony was absent in the provinces to collect taxes and appease veteran soldiers. Lepidus (Antony's ally) was allocated Africa to put him at a distance from Antony and Octavius who divided the European empire between them. Division of the Empire. Octavius received the two Spanish provinces, and Sicily and Sardinia. He settled many of his veterans in Italy, giving him significant influence over the government in the capital. He was also responsible for defeating Sextius Pompey who was causing havoc in Sicily, and a major threat to Rome. 40 Triumvirate strengthened. Antony marries Octavia, sister of the similarly named triumvir. Antony moves East. Power transferred so that he controlled all provinces east of Macedonia (inclusive). Further decrease of influence in Rome as Octavius controls the west, despite the premise of "sharing Italy". Lepidus further marginalised in triumvirate. Triumvirate strengthened. Genuine(?) move by Octavius to maintain alliance through marriage. Octavius takes all of the west. All provinces west of Illyricium were taken over by Octavius' legions. 39 Sextius Pompey appeased by being given Sardinia and Sicily. Sextius Pompey appeased by being given Sardinia and Sicily. 38 Antony discouraged by expansion of Octavius. (read the right column first). Possibly disgruntled by Octavius' acquisition of more territory than was agreed, Antony attacks Octavius' breaking of the 39BC treaty. However, he still sends help to crush Pompey. Makes his capital in Athens. Decline of influence in Rome. (No evidence to suggest he had visited Rome since 41?

Post Plague Social, Economic, and Historical Characteristics of Chaucer

Post Plague Social, Economic, and Historical Characteristics of Chaucer’s Pilgrims Waking up to the familiar sounds of a small English town is no longer an option. The stench of death permeates every inch of existence. Peering out of the window, afraid of stepping outside into the pestilence formerly known as home, you gaze past the mounds of rotting townspeople who used to be known as friends. Every breath catches, because breathing too deep may be too risky. A disease of unknown origin plagues the countryside farther than you can travel in a lifetime. Thoughts run through your mind as you watch your suffering family. The only chance to save them is to confess your sins in hopes that God’s wrath will end with you. There is nothing; everything you have known for all of your life is gone. And there is silence. Throughout the late Middle Ages, there were many historical landmarks that affected the world in which we now live. These landmarks include the Great Schism, the Hundred Years War, the Renaissance, and most infamous, the Black Plague (Given-Wilson 4). The plague is now believed to have infringed upon European peoples due to the ecological changes in Asia. These changes forced wild rodents carrying the Yersinia pestis bacillus into heavily populated European towns (Horrox 5). Through trade, fleas and rodents carrying this bacillus made their way into English society. Three forms of the plague ran rampant throughout England: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicaemic. The bubonic plague was most notorious due to the visual dark spots located in the armpits and groin area called buboes. In Latin, Bubo means owl: just like owls, buboes preferred the dark places on the body (Given-Wilson 97). The first epidemic began in 1347 an... ..., economical, and historical implications changed or affected the lives of every person during the fourteenth century and for centuries to come. Works Cited Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Trans. Nevill Coghill. London: Penguin Books, 1977. Given-Wilson, Chris, ed. An Illustrated History of Late Medieval England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996. Horrox, Rosemary, ed. The Black Death. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1994. Lambdin, Laura C., and Robert T. Lambdin, eds. Chaucer’s Pilgrims: An Illustrated Historical Guide to the Pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1996. Williman, Daniel, ed. The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenth Century Plague. New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, 1982. Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. New York: The John Day Company, 1969.

Mod

A supervisor Is defined as â€Å"someone who supervises as In a large business or enterprise,† supervise Itself means â€Å"to be In charge of (someone or something) : to watch and direct (someone or something)† this means that the Job Is still built and run with the same basic and fundamental Ideas of dervish, Interpersonal skill and professional actions In day to day work such as hilling and directing as needed. Though the functions of the Job are oriented around a new Idea for the switch, the functions themselves are the same. 2.Do you think that supervision can be learned through books and study or only through experience? Why? I believe that good supervision can be learned through books and study, however, supervision itself is a skill and therefore must be taught hands on not only through study. Experience is a key to learning a skill such as supervision because it involves instructing others what to do, one cannot have the confidence to lead others by nearly read ing a book and Jumping in. In order to learn how to lead and supervise you must have the experience of being in command preceded by the experience learned in books and study. 3.Explain the glass ceiling: The glass ceiling refers to the concept that states that the majority of successful business leaders and supervisors are â€Å"white male† and there is an invisible barrier now as â€Å"the glass ceiling' holding women and minorities back from progression in the business world. Diversity is very slowly growing in business however this still seems to be a problem. Greater diversity is a need because in today's world a business must have different languages and cultural viewpoints, the glass ceiling prevents this. 4. Explain entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are people who start, manage, work In and operate their own businesses. Pond these tasks an entrepreneurs must also proved the professional did of supervision to their own company, Including all the liableness, risk and taxe s. The rewards of entrepreneurship are great personal accomplishment and profit If done properly. Mod 1 By Sketchbooks would also do well at a bank. A supervisor is defined as â€Å"someone who supervises as in a large business or enterprise,† supervise itself means â€Å"to be in charge of that the Job is still built and run with the same basic and fundamental ideas of leadership, interpersonal skill and professional actions in day to day work such as ring and directing as needed.Though the functions of the Job are oriented around a new idea for the switch, the functions themselves are the same. Known as â€Å"the glass ceiling† holding women and minorities back from progression in Entrepreneurs are people who start, manage, work in and operate their own businesses. Upon these tasks an entrepreneurs must also proved the professional side of supervision to their own company, including all the liabilities, risk and taxes.

Ethics of Us Army

ETHICAL CULTURE AUDIT of the United States Army By: Andrew Driscoll March 16, 2013 Each soldier in the United States Army, or any military service, will have very different experiences with the ethical culture of their unit. Is this experience due to the organizational culture or how its leaders operate within that culture that creates such an unique experience for every soldier? The point is that if you ask 10 soldiers to conduct an ethical culture audit of the military, I believe you will get 10 different answers that fall on all points on the continuum.Responses that the Army is highly ethical would come from soldiers who have â€Å"internalized cultural expectations† (p. 152). Since the Army has such a strong culture, ethical or not, there are always going to be individuals who fight that culture and resist the â€Å"internalization† of some or all the values. Typically these soldiers separate from the military during their initial training or when their first time commitment is up, usually 2-3 years. From my experience the United States Army has a highly ethical culture.One could sight any of several dozen scandals or investigations from Abu Grhaib prison abuse to the 101st Airborne soldiers raping and killing a family of five in Iraq to counter my assessment. But, I argue that these incidents occurred in spite of the strong culture, where a combination of â€Å"individual character traits† (p. 198) and/or trauma suffered in combat operations caused unethical behavior contrary to the ethical training they received. To help prevent such incidents and also study behavior the US Army has developed the Center for the Army Profession and Ethic.Since 2008 the Army has incorporated the research from this organization and trained its mid-level leaders to implement its findings at the unit level. To have a highly ethical organization, you need leadership that is committed to continuous improvement and not complacent with the current culture. In an organization with over 500,000 active soldiers the mentality has to be, there is always room for improvement. This mentality of continuous improvement must also come from the leadership of the military to be effective and implemented.Similar to Kelleher’s philosophy of â€Å"serving the needs of employees† (p. 156), the Army has a strong tradition of taking care of soldiers and their families so they can take care of the country. The leadership of the Army has set up and participates in numerous programs to assist soldiers with any issue from financial to marital problems. I completed my undergraduate education in Finance and then joined the military. I had no idea how to do my taxes and the Army taught me, not a $100,000 plus education. Once I knew how to do my taxes, as a junior leader I was required to assist my soldiers.Formal leadership in the military is prominent, from the understanding the Uniform Code of military Justice, to daily corrective actions for ve ry minor offenses that in other organizations would probably go unnoticed. This relationship tends to be very formal as all rules and regulations are written down and trained during your initial 12 weeks of basic training. The leader is also responsible for continuous training to include a weekly briefing on good decision making when off duty. The informal aspect is very unique for each leader, it typically comes from written policies that the leader permits his soldiers to dis-obey.Whether it is early dismissal on Friday, or a motto against regulations, it builds a trust a with soldiers that their leader is on their side as well. Except in extreme cases such as the Abu Grhaib prison unit, I have found that the informal systems are in alignment with the formal ones and where they differentiate are so minor that it does not cause issues. The best way to summarize ethical leadership is to know that soldiers react to your actions more than they do your words. A common Army Office motto is â€Å"Lead by Example. This motto best prevents â€Å"hypocritical leadership† (p. 162). To get the right type of leadership in the Army, recruiters look at every candidate with the SAL method, Student, Athlete, Leader. Candidates are given a score based on GPA, sports, clubs and leadership rolls held. The Army has historically not allowed individuals with a history of crime, drug abuse or cheating in, but due to recruitment issues they have started to waive some requirements to meet goals. This shift has been criticized and said to have diminished the quality of the US soldier.It was interesting to see making goals or the number this as the main reason to waive values in Aaron’s speech this week. It appears no organization is free of the pressure to perform on a quantitative measure regardless of the effect to values. Selection for promotion in the Army is also very rigorous and has a set of standards that are very consistent. This prevents fraud and any possible quid pro quo from occurring. For General officers their appointments have to be confirmed by Congress and top secret security clearance requires a polygraph test.This ensures that the nations military decision makers and individuals with information can be trusted and have been vetted. The US Army’s values, mission statement and policies are simple but have withstood the test of time. The mission of winning the nation’s wars has remained constant, but Congress has added sub-statements to ensure responsibility and protection of the American people. In history winning at all cost was commonplace for the military especially in WWII. Since then collateral damage and fratricide are no longer acceptable consequences to accomplish the mission.The values of the military (leadership, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity, and personal courage) are instilled from day one, and put on your chest right next to your dog tags for every day there after. It is these values that help leaders and soldiers accomplish the mission with the best course of action, rather than the quickest or most definitive. As for policies, the military has a policy for how to do just about everything. The UCMJ is just the tip of policies in the US Army. Every branch, every machine, every unit has a manual to dictate policy.Very rarely does a situation occur in peacetime in the military that there is not a written policy to follow. Ethics training starts before day one in the military. Before you report to initial training you take an oath of office or enlistment that defines your roll in the military and commitment to uphold the constitution. Everyday of 12 weeks in basic training you recite the values and Ethos of the Army. In the past there had been issues that units did not operate according to individual training, so over the last decade all training programs have been updated to ensure the best possible replication of how the â€Å"real† Army is.Companies seek soldiers after their service for one main reason, they have had the best training in their field possible, and I believe this is holds true for values as well. Performance management in the military is very structured. There is a system in place and the only thing preventing a soldier from getting a fair and thorough evaluation is their own failure to self evaluate. Each unit has very different performance tasks to evaluate, but all soldiers are evaluated on the seven values of the Army at least twice a year.There is also reverse evaluations where soldiers have the opportunity to critique their leaders. Lastly after every mission the Army conducts and after action review where everyone can provide input. There is always a mandatory three positive comments period and three improves to ensure continuous improvement while remaining positive. For most situations the military has set up a structure where it is impossible to cheat on evaluations. Whether the tasks are team or individuali zed, the test results are hard to accomplish without actually doing the work.The key to performance management in the military is that the soldier knows what is expected of him or her and the consequences of not meeting those expectations, similar to how Joe Paterno treated his organization. The Army’s Organization structure is outlined by the chain of command. When to go above or around the chain of command is clearly defined in UCMJ as well as when you are authorized to dis-obey an order from that chain of command. While it is easy to say it is all written down, application in combat is the real test. The leadership in the organization will determine whether it works in the field or not.Soldiers can not be fearful of reporting wrong doing or negative results, and that comes down to their leaders to ensure what is written is implemented. The Military’s decision making process (MDMP) is a 300 plus page manual of which I took a one month long course on learning the proc ess. This process rivals six-sigma for in depth analyzing a problem and how to take the best course of action. The best example I can provide is that MDMP alone and how it relates to ethical culture in the military could be a five-page introduction.The Informal cultural system of the Army is the one that is most portrayed in the movies and stories, from Code Reds in â€Å"A Few Good Men,† to the heroics of the Band of Brothers in WWII these are the moments that soldiers live for. We spoke of the formal evaluation system, but the informal bond between leaders and soldiers is what really makes a soldier perform his duties to the best of his ability. Heroes are both formally and informally recognized. For every Medal of Honor winner there are 100 soldiers that have done impressive tasks that civilians could only imagine accomplishing.Norms, if they are positive are usually translated into doctrine over time, so most Norms only last a few years until they are wholly accepted. Rit uals however are very unit focused and are usually never written down. They are passed from leader to leader as a ritual itself during the change of command. Even today, 5 years removed from the military, the stories we tell amongst military friends are what motivate my actions to do the right thing. When we tell stories, you will immediately notice that we are speaking a language or code that is only understood by a few.Many of our values are questioned from the outside, by the way we speak in jargon or our fondness of tobacco and alcohol, but simply look at the actions of a military person and you will see his own language of values is thru â€Å"deeds not words,† my unit motto. Based on the examples and reading chapter 5, I believe even more so that the Army is a highly ethical organization. Compared to the organizations in the reading and the others I have worked for, there is no group who puts more time and effort to ensuring values in its actions and people than the US Army.While there are individuals who stray from the Army values, typically in their informal leadership methods, as a whole the formal and informal culture of the US Army are complimentary and exist to best promote the welfare of the Untied States. It is hard to criticize something you love, and that has been developing and evolving continuously over 200 years by some of the greatest leaders the World has ever seen. There is one key element to ensure the ethical culture environment of the US Army, to recruit personnel at the highest level possible.The Army cannot waiver in its recruitment of new soldiers to â€Å"meet the numbers. † Lowering the requirements for entry will only weaken the organization’s culture and ethical standards. There are always other areas fro improvement, but this one area is more important than all the others combined. I Andrew S. Driscoll affirm that I have neither given, utilized, received or witnessed unauthorized aid on this deliverable and have completed this work honestly and according to the professor’s guidelines.

Zero Dark Thirty and Torture

The Benefits of Torture Over the decades, people have viewed torture has horrifying. Inhumane, and excessive. In the movie, Zero Dark Thirty, directed by Kathy Biggest, it was mainly used for interrogations to obtain information from the detainees about certain people. In the film, there are many scenes that display the superficial layers of enhanced interrogation and gives the viewers an automatic response that torture is bad.While many viewers see that enhanced interrogation has many bad aspects, did they ever wonder about the good ones? How it helped to save many lives? How it helped to kill Osama bin Laden? Why it's needed to prevent further troubles? Did people ever consider the role of the torturer who suffers from conducting the acts? With much speculation, this topic has become an intriguing argument. Without changing the side of the viewer, what people must understand is that although our society perceives the thought of torture as being violent and unjustifiable, there are actually good parts to It.For example, If the affiliates of terrorists are being interrogated, aren't speaking, and have plans to bomb certain places but you don't now when, it seems necessary to use some form of action to make them feel vulnerable enough to speak because as an interrogator, one is being pressured to get the information as soon as possible to prevent any plots. Despite all the details regarding the bad aspects of enhanced interrogation, it should be reconsidered by society to ruminate the good points. Torture allows higher authorities to obtain information in a more efficient way.In the movie, Zero Dark Thirty, Dan was able to successfully attain bits and bits of information that would soon lead to Osama bin Laden. He used many methods such as hanging his extended arms to the ceiling while standing, playing loud music, depraving the subject of food and water, weatherboarding, humiliation, threatening, light effects. And putting the victim in a box. With the use of t hese methods, Dan did succeed in getting Intel from the detainee, which is why torture is useful and beneficial especially when it helps to save many lives.From the book, The Phenomenon of Torture, William Schulz mentions that â€Å"prolonged constraint or exertion, sustained deprivation of food or sleep, etc. Often becomes patterns to which a subject adjusts by becoming apathetic ND withdrawing into himself, in search of escape from the discomfort and tension† and as a result, when the interrogators use those techniques of deprivation, it could be used to lower the person's physiological resistance which will then lower the person's psychological capacity to the point where the subject withdraws.Just making the subject withdraw or talk Implies more than that, It's about power and Imposing one's will on another. One side Is absolutely powerful while the other coerced party Is totally powerless and undependable. One side can ask and answer, act and react,

Mae West and How the Production Code Affected Her Career

â€Å"Virtue has its own reward, but has no sale at the box office†.   Those are the words of the famous movie actress named Mae West.   She was known for her sassy and sexy behavior on and off screen. Mary Jane West was born August 17, 1893 in Brooklyn, New York.   Her parents were involved in prize fighting and vaudeville.   Mae worked on the stage and was in vaudeville from the time when she was five years of age.   She was so into the entertainment world that she never really focused on education.  Ã‚   She studied dance as a child and when she was 14 years old, she was billed as â€Å"The Baby Vamp†. The year was 1926 and she was definitely shocking to most people during that time period.  Ã‚   Though the critics reportedly hated the show, the ticket sales were good.   The theater was raided and Ms. West was arrested along with the rest of the cast. While incarcerated on Roosevelt Island, she was allowed to wear her silk underwear instead of the scratchy prison issue.   The warden reportedly took her to dinner every night. She served eight days, with two days off for good behavior.   The media attention only managed to enhance her case. Her next play was racy in content as well.   It was entitled â€Å"The Drag† and was about homosexuality alluding to the work of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs.   It also was a box office success, but it had to be played in New Jersey because it had been banned from Broadway. Mae caught the attention of Hollywood and was given her first small movie role working with George Raft in â€Å"Night after Night†.   The film debuted in 1932 and even though her performance was a minor part in the movie, she was able to display enough of her quick wit that made her famous. At first she was unhappy with her small role in â€Å"Night After Night†, but was satisfied when she was allowed to rewrite her scenes.   In West’s first scene, a hatcheck girl exclaimed, â€Å"Goodness, what lovely diamonds†. Mae responded with her quick and racy wit by saying, â€Å"Goodness had nothing to do with it, dearie†. Upon her arrival in Hollywood, she moved into an apartment not far from the studio on Melrose.  Ã‚  Ã‚   She maintained a residence there at Ravenswood, even though she owned a beach house and a ranch in the San Fernando Valley. The public fell in love with the first woman to make racy comments on film.   She became a box office smash with the film breaking attendance records. Her second film was based on her earlier and popular play that was written by West entitled â€Å"She Done Him Wrong† starring Cary Grant.   The film was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Picture. Her third film, entitled â€Å"I’m No Angel† also displayed her quick racy wit and she was paired with Cary Grant once again.   It was a financial success.   This film, along with â€Å"She Done Him Wrong† were projects that saved Paramount from bankruptcy.   They were highly criticized by some because of the content and the guidelines found in the Motion Picture Production Code. The Production Code (also known as the Hays Code) was a set of guidelines that movies created between the years of 1930 and 1968 were governed by. The name â€Å"Hays Office† is definitely recognized as being synonymous with Hollywood’s self –censorship body even though its namesake ceased to be involved in the daily operations prior to the period of its most remembered conflicts with filmmakers.   Will H. Hays was the first president of MPPDA.   He was installed as the leader because studio heads were looking for a man with a background in the federal government to assure the nation that Hollywood films would not corrupt the country’s citizens. During the period that the Production Code existed, the enforcement was the responsibility of Jason Joy (1930-1932), James Wingate (1932-1934), Joseph Breen who was the chief censor for the longest period of time between the years of 1934 – 1954.  Ã‚   Geoffrey Shurlock then took his place from 1954-1968. Eric Johnston replaced Will Hays as head administrator in 1945 and remained in this office until his death in 1963.   Jack Valenti took his place in 1966. By then the organization had become the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).   Each of these three men served more in the role of ambassador, lobbyist and   as salesmen for the movie industry and not so much as a â€Å"shaper of content†. The Production Code was developed because the owners of major Hollywood studios were attempting to avoid a national government-run censorship operation. They also wanted to assure the concerned civic leaders that Hollywood would deliver only wholesome movies eliminating the need for further editing that could possible be required by the state and local censorship boards.   These type boards sprang up during the decade preceding the Code. The Studio Relations Committee was organized by the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) in 1930.   This committee was given the responsibility for the administration of industry self-censorship.  Ã‚   The Studio Relations Committee was reconstituted as the Production Code Administration in 1934.   It was more effective at this time. This organization felt â€Å"if motion pictures present stories that will affect lives for the better, they can become the most powerful force for the improvement of mankind†.  Ã‚   They recognized their responsibility to the public and because of this trust and also because in their views, entertainment and art were the most important influences in the life of a nation. During the rapid transition from silent to talking pictures they realized the necessity of creating some type of guidelines that should be in place.   Even though motion pictures were considered primarily as entertainment, they also felt that film could be directly responsible for spiritual or moral progress. As a result of these codes, May began to use double talk so that a person could take a word or phrase anyway they wished.   She also developed her works this way as a method to get her work past the censors; and it worked. She really felt she had a vested interest because it was her written work that was being scrutinized.   West had already written and performed these plays on stage and now they were being exposed to a whole new audience in film. Mae West was the largest box office draw in the United States at the time.   The frank sexuality and seamy settings of her films caught the attention of the moralists. On July 1, 1934, the censorship of the Production Code began to be seriously and meticulously enforced.  Ã‚   Mae’s scripts began to be heavily edited.   Her answer was to increase the number of double entendres in her films.   Her expectation was that the censors would delete the obvious lines and overlook the subtle ones. Her next film was â€Å"Belle of the Nineties† which was made in 1934 and it was another hit.  Ã‚   The movie was originally titled â€Å"It Ain’t No Sin†, but the title was changed due to the censor’s objection.   By 1936, after filming â€Å"Klondike Annie† and â€Å"Go West Young Man† she was, at that time, the highest paid woman in the United States. After the 1937 film, â€Å"Everyday’s a Holiday†, she didn’t make another film until she starred with W. C. Fields in another Mae West written movie entitled â€Å"My Little Chickadee† in 1940. It was a well-known fact that Ms. West had ill feelings toward Fields because his ways were too crude even for her.   She didn’t get along with Fields at all.   She would not tolerate his drinking and since they were both accustomed to working with supporting players and not co-stars conflict ensued. â€Å"My Little Chickadee† was a box office success and was more successful than all other W. C. Fields’ movies.   It is said that the only way Fields and West could be in the same scene together was to film them separately; and then splice the film together. Universal was so delighted with the success of the film and offered West two more movies to star with Fields.   She refused citing the difficulty of working with Fields. Her film â€Å"The Heat’s On† which was filmed in 1943, was her last film for a bit.   Mae decided to take a break from the movie industry because the censors were getting stricter.   It was harder to create her movies, even with the double talk to get past the stricter codes. It was general practice in films of the 1930’s and 1940’s to skirt the issue of sex and hide violence behind foreground or within shadows.   In addition, they never really treated serious subjects that were dealt with in the best-regarded novels of that era. In so many instances, the Production Code Administration had their way against the wishes of filmmakers.   They scuttled, weakened or diluted several scenes proposed by writers and directors of Hollywood film projects from 1934 to 1968. When the Code went into effect all movies from the major studios were required to show an approved MPPDA logo. There were three general principles: 1.No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards of those who see it.   Hence the sympathy of the audience should never be thrown to the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin. 2.Correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements of drama and entertainment, shall be presented, and 3.Law, natural or human, shall not be ridiculed, nor shall sympathy be created for its violation. In addition there was another section that was entitled Crimes Against the Law.   There were several crimes listed that should never be presented in such a way as to throw sympathy with the crime as against law and justice, or to inspire others with a desire for imitation. Some of the crimes included Murder, Theft, Arson, and the use of firearms were to be restricted to the essentials. Also, methods of smuggling could not be presented and illegal drug traffic was never to be presented. The use of liquor in American life, when not required by the plot or should be shown in proper context, otherwise it could not be shown. Ms. West was known for her racy lines and sexy innuendo so there were a few portions mentioned throughout this code that Mae had to alter her movies for compliance.  Ã‚   There was a complete section of the code dedicated to sex. According to the code, the sanctity of the institution of marriage and home had to be upheld.   Pictures could not infer that low forms of sexual relationships are accepted or a common thing.  Ã‚   For example, the issue of adultery sometimes could be considered necessary to the plot, however it could not be explicitly treated, or justified, or presented in a positive light. The code even had guidelines of â€Å"Scenes of Passion†.  Ã‚   They could not be introduced if they weren’t essential to the plot.   In addition, excessive and lustful kissing, lustful embraces, suggestive postures and gestures could not be shown. In general passion had to be treated so that these scenes could not stimulate the lower and baser element.   Mae West oozed sensuality.   This category no doubt was stifling to many of Mae’s intentions on film. Even before she had matured, the slinky, then dark haired Mae was performing a lascivious â€Å"shimmy† dance in 1913 and was photographed for a song sheet for the song â€Å"Everybody Shimmies Now†. Her famous walk was said to have originated in her early years as a stage actress.   West had special eight-inch platforms attached to her shoes to increase her height and enhance her stage presence. Mae’s leave from film back to plays proved to be successful.   When censors began to let up, she returned to film work in 1970 in Myra Breckinridge.  Ã‚   She appeared in the role as Leticia Van Allen, which was a small role.   The film failed miserably at the box-office but still was a racy film due to the sex change theme. West regarded talking about sex as a basic human rights issue.   She was also an early advocate of gay and transgender rights.   She was reported as telling policemen who were raiding a gay bar, â€Å"Don’t you know you’re hitting a woman in a man’s body†. This was definitely a daring statement since she spoke it in a time period when homosexuality was not accepted. Her last film was in 1978 called Sextette which was a film that was based on the successful play West wrote back in 1926.   This film could have been a silent movie but instead fifty years later was developed.   Even in the late seventies, the times where not liberal enough to accept the original title, â€Å"Sex† as they called it Sextette instead. Allowances had to be made for a few things, such as her wig and slightly bizarre makeup and her slow movement from time to time but she obviously had taken care of herself and is able to show herself off in a series of beautiful gowns. The film is set up so she can consistently deliver the one-liners that made her famous. There was something different about Mae West, beginning with her appearance.   It set her apart from the other actresses of the day.   Mae has been described as a rather large billowing superblonde that talked through her nostrils.   In addition it has been said that she was a Gay Nineties gal that was plunked down in the Flapper Age. According to Simon Louvish, the author of her biography entitled â€Å"Mae West: It Ain’t No Sin†, it wasn’t the Production Code that affected her career but rather â€Å" her inability to relate to anyone in any intimately persuasive way – that so quickly destroyed her screen career†. The character that she created was completely of her on devise.   Somehow this Brooklyn born woman who was sketchily educated at best made herself into a playwright as she would scribble her one-liners and develop primitive narratives around them. The Code may have been able to tone down some of the personality of Mae West but she was a woman who would not be silenced.   Her somewhat mannish ways in her blunt innuendo that continually spoke of the unmentionable sexual needs of a female. Ms. West’s remarks were quick and veiled suggestion.   They were not dirty and often playfully remarked dripping with sensual undertones. Historians, however, suggest that her movie career declined so quickly because of the Production Code and their rather strict guidelines. Mae West is unique in the history of   â€Å"sex stars† in the movies because she was somehow able to play both the role of a sex goddess and simultaneously parody that same role.   In addition, she was one of the first women to consistently write the movies she starred in. In addition to her screen and stage career, Ms. West also could be heard on the radio.   On December 12, 1937, she appeared on two separate sketches on Edger Bergen’s radio show that shocked both the listening and NBC executives.   She appeared as herself, and was flirting heavily with Charlie McCarthy, Bergen’s dummy, speaking with her usual brand of sexy wit and risque sexual references. She appeared even more risque in a sketch earlier in the show that was written by Arch Oboler.   This sketch starred West and Don Ameche as Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.   The conversation between the two was considered so risque and bordered on being blasphemous.   She was banned from being featured, or even mentioned on the NBC network.   Mae West didn’t appear on radio for another 31 years. She also starred in her own Las Vegas stage show.   She would sing and was surrounded by handsome body builders while she performed on stage.   Many celebrities attended West’s shows including Judy Garland, Ethel Merman, Louis Armstrong, Liberace, and Jayne Mansfield.   Jayne met and later married one of West’s muscle men, Mickey Hargitay.   Mr. Hargitay was fired for that action. Billy Wilder offered West the role of Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard.   She refused and pronounced herself offended at being asked to play a â€Å"has-been† similar to the responses he received from Mary Pickford, Greta Garbo and Pola Negri.   Ultimately, Gloria Swanson was cast in the role, which became immortal on celluloid. In 1958, West appeared at the Academy Awards and performed the song â€Å"Baby, It’s Cold Outside† playfully with Rock Hudson. In 1959, her autobiography was published by Prentice-Hall entitled, â€Å"Goodness Had Nothing to Do With It†. West made some rare appearances on television where viewers reported astonishment at her youthful appearance and energy.   In order to appeal to younger generations, she recorded two rock and roll albums which were received with financial success mainly due to her single â€Å"Treat Him Right† on the â€Å"Way Out West† album. Near the end of her life, she was known for maintaining her surprisingly youthful appearance.   West continued to surround herself with virile men for the rest of her life, employing companions, bodyguards and chauffeurs. In the late summer of 1980, she suffered a stroke at her apartment and fell out of her bed.   She rallied after being rushed to the hospital but suffered another stroke in November.   She was sent home but her prognosis wasn’t good.   She died in her apartment on North Rossmore Avenue in Hollywood at the age of 87. Mae West will forever be remembered as the sexy vamp notorious for sexy   her one-liners. REFERENCES Bynum, Matt. (2006) The Motion Picture Production Code of 1930 (Hays Code). http://www.artsreformation.com/a001/hays-code.html Received on December 12, 2006 Jackson, Denny. (1998). Mae West – The Actress Who Was Way Ahead of Her Time! http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Hills/2440/west.html Received on December 12, 2006 Schickel, Richard. International Herald Tribune. (2006) Mae West. New York City.               

TSCA and REACH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TSCA and REACH - Essay Example However, the Congress has received two bills addressing TSCA reform and will deliberate on them soon. Here, TSCA is compared to chemical regulations in other nations, and arguments for and against its reform are presented. Chemical safety in the United States has garnered bipartisan support. Currently, there are two pieces of legislation introduced to Congress that address TSCA reform: the Alan Reinstein and Trevor Schaefer Toxic Chemical Protection Act, drafted by Senators Barbara Boxer and Edward Markey, and the Frank R Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, drafted by Senators David Udall and Tom Vitter. Each bill distributes the priorities of the EPA in different ways. The Boxer and Markey legislation prioritized public health, required the EPA to review chemicals more quickly, and ensured that the EPA’s chemical assessments were aligned with the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences. Boxer and Markey’s bill would also preserve the states’ authority to restrict chemical use and enforce federal restrictions under state law. On the other hand, the language of the Vitter and Udall bill appears to favor industry, allowing the EPA up to seven years to re view each substance (Chemical Watch 2015). Although the future of chemical reform in the United States is uncertain, these two bills addressing the need for TSCA reform are certainly a step in the right direction. In the early 1970’s, there was increasing concern about industrial compounds and their potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. Research on industrial substances and potential harmful effects, such as fluorocarbons found in aerosols and their effects on the earth’s stratosphere were well underway (Markell 2010). Bischloromethylether (BCME), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was ubiquitously